Psychological Evaluate. 112 1 : 3-42. Doi:10.1037 0033-295X.112.1.3

Aus Vokipedia
Version vom 17. August 2025, 01:27 Uhr von AmbroseSellers4 (Diskussion | Beiträge)

(Unterschied) ← Nächstältere Version | Aktuelle Version (Unterschied) | Nächstjüngere Version → (Unterschied)
Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche

silicon.co.uk
Long-time period memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory mannequin during which informative information is held indefinitely. It's defined in contrast to sensory memory, the preliminary stage, and short-term or working memory, the second stage, Memory Wave which persists for about 18 to 30 seconds. LTM is grouped into two classes often called express memory (declarative memory) and implicit memory (non-declarative memory). Explicit memory is broken down into episodic and semantic memory, Memory Wave whereas implicit memory consists of procedural memory and emotional conditioning. The idea of separate reminiscences for brief- and long-time period storage originated within the 19th century. One mannequin of memory developed in the 1960s assumed that each one memories are formed in one retailer and switch to a different retailer after a small time period. This model is referred to as the "modal model", most famously detailed by Shiffrin. The mannequin states that memory is first stored in sensory memory, which has a big capacity however can solely maintain information for milliseconds.



A representation of that rapidly decaying memory is moved to brief-term memory. Brief-term Memory Wave Protocol does not have a big capability like sensory memory but holds info for seconds or minutes. The ultimate storage is lengthy-term memory, which has a very large capability and is able to holding data probably for a lifetime. The exact mechanisms by which this switch takes place, whether all or solely some memories are retained permanently, and even to have the existence of a real distinction between stores, stay controversial. One type of proof cited in favor of the existence of a short-time period store comes from anterograde amnesia, the inability to be taught new facts and episodes. Patients with this type of amnesia have an intact capability to retain small amounts of data over brief time scales (up to 30 seconds) however have little skill to kind longer-time period reminiscences (illustrated by affected person HM). That is interpreted as exhibiting that the brief-time period retailer is protected from injury and diseases.



Other evidence comes from experimental studies showing that some manipulations impair memory for the three to 5 most not too long ago discovered words of a list (it is presumed that they're held briefly-term memory). Recall for phrases from earlier in the listing (it's presumed, saved in lengthy-time period memory) are unaffected. These results show that totally different components affect quick-term recall (disruption of rehearsal) and long-time period recall (semantic similarity). Collectively, these findings present that long-time period memory and short-term memory can range independently of one another. Not all researchers agree that brief- and lengthy-term memory are separate techniques. The alternative Unitary Model proposes that short-term memory consists of temporary activations of lengthy-time period representations (that there is one memory that behaves variously over all time scales, from milliseconds to years). It has been difficult to establish a pointy boundary between brief- and lengthy-term memory. Eugen Tarnow, a physics researcher, reported that the recall probability versus latency curve is a straight line from 6 to 600 seconds, with the chance of failure to recall solely saturating after 600 seconds.



If two different stores have been operating in this time area, it is cheap to anticipate a discontinuity on this curve. Different analysis has shown that the detailed pattern of recall errors seems to be remarkably just like recall of a list immediately after studying (it is presumed, Memory Wave Protocol from quick-time period memory) and recall after 24 hours (necessarily from long-term memory). Additional proof for a unified store comes from experiments involving continual distractor tasks. In 1974, Bjork and Whitten, psychology researchers, presented subjects with word pairs to recollect; earlier than and after every word pair, topics performed a easy multiplication job for 12 seconds. After the final word-pair, topics carried out the multiplication distractor process for 20 seconds. They reported that the recency impact (the increased chance of recall of the final items studied) and the primacy effect (the elevated probability of recall of the first few gadgets) was sustained. These outcomes are incompatible with a separate quick-time period memory as the distractor objects should have displaced a number of the phrase-pairs in the buffer, thereby weakening the related energy of the gadgets in long-time period memory.

Meine Werkzeuge
Namensräume

Varianten
Aktionen
Navigation
Werkzeuge