Finding Memory Leaks Within The Ruby Ecosystem
Until recently, Ruby lacked a mechanism for detecting native-degree memory leaks from within Ruby and native gems. This was as a result of, when Ruby terminates, it doesn't free the objects which might be nonetheless alive or the memory utilized by Ruby’s virtual machine. This is because the system will reclaim all of the memory used anyway, so it’s simply additional work that will make Ruby’s shutdown slower. Nevertheless, this meant that it was unimaginable to find out whether or not a piece of memory was leaked or was just not cleaned up. This meant that it was laborious to investigate Ruby applications that suffered from memory leaks, inflicting them to eat increasing amounts of memory till the system runs out and terminates the application. This is undesirable as it is an inefficient use of system resources, which would price cash and efficiency, and could result in downtime for an online server. I describe in better detail in the next section and in another blog put up. Valgrind memcheck to search out Memory Wave Workshop leaks in native gems.
Valgrind memcheck is a instrument used to find memory leaks in native purposes. Nonetheless, we can’t use it directly on Ruby as a result of Ruby doesn’t free its memory throughout shutdown, leading Valgrind memcheck to report 1000's of false-constructive memory leaks. Ruby doesn’t free its memory throughout shutdown because the system will reclaim the entire program’s memory after this system has terminated anyway, so explicitly freeing the memory would solely make Ruby’s shutdown slower. Since there are tens, if not a whole bunch, of locations the place these sorts of "memory leaks" happen in Ruby at shutdown, making a feature to free all the memory at shutdown would have been very time-consuming. Ruby or a real memory leak from the native gem. In fact, the heuristic shouldn't be good and can cause false-negatives (i.e. it could filter out real memory leaks). Nokogiri, liquid-c, gRPC, and Protobuf. Linux programs since Valgrind solely runs on Linux.
Because of this we can't use a sooner memory checker like Google’s sanitizers or support different working systems reminiscent of utilizing the macOS leaks tool. In 2023, Adam Hess from GitHub collaborated with me to develop a characteristic in Ruby that frees all memory at shutdown. EXIT function which instructs Ruby to free all of its memory at shutdown when the atmosphere variable is ready. By implementing this with a flag, Ruby can maintain a fast shutdown when this characteristic is not wanted and only free memory at shutdown when the function is enabled. The implementation is pretty easy. However, it’s not that easy, since circular dependencies made it difficult. For example, we free Ruby objects before we free the VM as a result of freeing Ruby objects might have the VM to be alive (e.g. executing finalizers), but things like Threads and the primary Ractor are all Ruby objects, so we can't free those objects until after a lot of the VM has been freed. We then free the VM, and at last we return and free the leftover objects that got skipped. EXIT, we ran Ruby’s assessments and specs by Valgrind and the macOS leaks tool to search out memory leaks. By way of this feature, we had been able to find over 30 memory leaks originating from inside of Ruby. 1. The operate that checks for timeouts is modified from raising an error when the common expression match times out to returning a boolean on whether or not the match timed out. Since a elevate will bounce out of the perform and into the Ruby body with the rescue, it bypasses any cleanup of memory allocated for the match and thus leaks memory. By returning a boolean when the match occasions out, it allows cleanup earlier than the Regexp::TimeoutError is raised.
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