Central African Shear Zone
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| − | <br>The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE direction from the Gulf of Guinea by Cameroon into Sudan. The structure | + | <br>The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE direction from the Gulf of Guinea by means of Cameroon into Sudan. The structure just isn't well understood. The shear zone dates to a minimum of 640 Ma (million years in the past). Motion occurred alongside the zone through the break-up of Gondwanaland in the Jurassic and Cretaceous intervals. A few of the faults within the zone had been rejuvenated more than once earlier than and through the opening of the South Atlantic in the Cretaceous interval. It has been proposed that the Pernambuco fault in Brazil is a continuation of the shear zone to the west. In Cameroon, the CASZ cuts across the Adamawa uplift, a put up-Cretaeous formation. The Benue Trough lies to the north, and the Foumban Shear Zone to the south. Volcanic exercise has occurred alongside most of the length of the Cameroon line from 130 Ma to the current, and could also be associated to re-activation of the CASZ.<br><br><br><br>The lithosphere beneath the CASZ on this space is thinned in a relatively slim belt, with the asthenosphere upwelling from a depth of about 190 km to about one hundred twenty km. The Mesozoic and Tertiary movements have produced elongated rift basins in central Cameroon, northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The CASZ was previously thought to increase eastward solely to the Darfur area of western Sudan. It is now interpreted to extend into central and eastern Sudan, with a complete size of 4,000 km. Within the Sudan, the shear zone could have acted as a structural barrier to development of deep Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins in the north of the area. Objections to this idea are that the Bahr el Arab and Blue Nile rifts extend northwest past one proposed line for the shear zone. However, the alignment of the northwestern ends of the rifts on this areas helps the theory. Ibrahim, Ebinger & Fairhead 1996, pp.<br><br><br><br>Dorbath et al. 1986, pp. Schlüter & Trauth 2008, pp. Foulger & Jurdy 2007, pp. Plomerova et al. 1993, pp. Bowen & Jux 1987, pp. Bowen, Robert; Jux, Ulrich (1987). Afro-Arabian geology: a kinematic view. Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Fairhead, J. D.; Stuart, [https://wiki.monnaie-libre.fr/wiki/From_2025_By_2025 outdoor trimming tool] G. W. (1986). "A teleseismic delay time study across the Central African Shear Zone in the Adamawa area of Cameroon, West Africa". Foulger, Gillian R.; Jurdy, Donna M. (2007). Plates, plumes, and planetary processes. Geological Society of America. Ibrahim, A. E.; Ebinger, C. J.; Fairhead, J. D. (20 April 1996). "Lithospheric extension northwest of the Central African Shear Zone in Sudan from potential subject research". Pankhurst, Robert J. (2008). West Gondwana: [https://aeshma.net/index.php/Quality_Used_Machinery outdoor trimming tool] pre-Cenozoic correlations throughout the South Atlantic Region. Plomerova, J; Babuska, V; Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Lillie, R. J. (1993). "Deep lithospheric structure across the Central African Shear Zone in Cameroon". Geophysical Journal International. 115 (2): 381-390. Bibcode:1993GeoJI.115..381P. Selley, Richard C. (1997). African basins. Schlüter, Thomas; Trauth, Martin H. (2008). Geological atlas of Africa: with notes on stratigraphy, [http://wiki.wild-sau.com/index.php?title=Thinning_Shears_Vs_Texturizing_Shears_-_Ask_A_Hairstylist outdoor trimming tool] tectonics, economic geology, geohazards, geosites and geoscientific schooling of each nation. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社.<br> <br><br><br>Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's charge-dependent resistance to a change in shape or [https://bbarlock.com/index.php/Expert_Collection_Man_Box outdoor trimming tool] to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness; for example, syrup has the next viscosity than water. Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area. Thus its SI units are newton-seconds per metre squared, or pascal-seconds. Viscosity quantifies the internal frictional [https://koreanaggies.net/board_Lmao72/1920402 Wood Ranger Power Shears for sale] between adjacent layers of fluid which might be in relative movement. As an illustration, when a viscous fluid is forced by way of a tube, it flows extra quickly close to the tube's middle line than near its partitions. Experiments present that some stress (corresponding to a stress distinction between the two ends of the tube) is required to sustain the stream. This is because a force is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid that are in relative movement. For a tube with a constant fee of circulation, the power of the compensating force is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.<br><br><br><br>In general, viscosity depends on a fluid's state, comparable to its temperature, pressure, and fee of deformation. However, the dependence on a few of these properties is negligible in certain circumstances. For instance, the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid doesn't fluctuate considerably with the rate of deformation. Zero viscosity (no resistance to shear stress) is observed only at very low temperatures in superfluids; in any other case, the second regulation of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have constructive viscosity. A fluid that has zero viscosity (non-viscous) known as ideally suited or inviscid. For non-Newtonian fluids' viscosity, [https://pipewiki.org/wiki/index.php/User:YukikoCorbitt8 outdoor trimming tool] there are pseudoplastic, [https://git.sparrowcomm.com/bradberg554612 outdoor trimming tool] plastic, and dilatant flows which might be time-independent, and there are thixotropic and rheopectic flows that are time-dependent. The phrase "viscosity" is derived from the Latin viscum ("mistletoe"). Viscum also referred to a viscous glue derived from mistletoe berries. In supplies science and engineering, there is usually interest in understanding the forces or stresses involved within the deformation of a material.<br> |
Version vom 17. August 2025, 05:12 Uhr
The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE direction from the Gulf of Guinea by means of Cameroon into Sudan. The structure just isn't well understood. The shear zone dates to a minimum of 640 Ma (million years in the past). Motion occurred alongside the zone through the break-up of Gondwanaland in the Jurassic and Cretaceous intervals. A few of the faults within the zone had been rejuvenated more than once earlier than and through the opening of the South Atlantic in the Cretaceous interval. It has been proposed that the Pernambuco fault in Brazil is a continuation of the shear zone to the west. In Cameroon, the CASZ cuts across the Adamawa uplift, a put up-Cretaeous formation. The Benue Trough lies to the north, and the Foumban Shear Zone to the south. Volcanic exercise has occurred alongside most of the length of the Cameroon line from 130 Ma to the current, and could also be associated to re-activation of the CASZ.
The lithosphere beneath the CASZ on this space is thinned in a relatively slim belt, with the asthenosphere upwelling from a depth of about 190 km to about one hundred twenty km. The Mesozoic and Tertiary movements have produced elongated rift basins in central Cameroon, northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The CASZ was previously thought to increase eastward solely to the Darfur area of western Sudan. It is now interpreted to extend into central and eastern Sudan, with a complete size of 4,000 km. Within the Sudan, the shear zone could have acted as a structural barrier to development of deep Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins in the north of the area. Objections to this idea are that the Bahr el Arab and Blue Nile rifts extend northwest past one proposed line for the shear zone. However, the alignment of the northwestern ends of the rifts on this areas helps the theory. Ibrahim, Ebinger & Fairhead 1996, pp.
Dorbath et al. 1986, pp. Schlüter & Trauth 2008, pp. Foulger & Jurdy 2007, pp. Plomerova et al. 1993, pp. Bowen & Jux 1987, pp. Bowen, Robert; Jux, Ulrich (1987). Afro-Arabian geology: a kinematic view. Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Fairhead, J. D.; Stuart, outdoor trimming tool G. W. (1986). "A teleseismic delay time study across the Central African Shear Zone in the Adamawa area of Cameroon, West Africa". Foulger, Gillian R.; Jurdy, Donna M. (2007). Plates, plumes, and planetary processes. Geological Society of America. Ibrahim, A. E.; Ebinger, C. J.; Fairhead, J. D. (20 April 1996). "Lithospheric extension northwest of the Central African Shear Zone in Sudan from potential subject research". Pankhurst, Robert J. (2008). West Gondwana: outdoor trimming tool pre-Cenozoic correlations throughout the South Atlantic Region. Plomerova, J; Babuska, V; Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Lillie, R. J. (1993). "Deep lithospheric structure across the Central African Shear Zone in Cameroon". Geophysical Journal International. 115 (2): 381-390. Bibcode:1993GeoJI.115..381P. Selley, Richard C. (1997). African basins. Schlüter, Thomas; Trauth, Martin H. (2008). Geological atlas of Africa: with notes on stratigraphy, outdoor trimming tool tectonics, economic geology, geohazards, geosites and geoscientific schooling of each nation. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社.
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's charge-dependent resistance to a change in shape or outdoor trimming tool to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness; for example, syrup has the next viscosity than water. Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area. Thus its SI units are newton-seconds per metre squared, or pascal-seconds. Viscosity quantifies the internal frictional Wood Ranger Power Shears for sale between adjacent layers of fluid which might be in relative movement. As an illustration, when a viscous fluid is forced by way of a tube, it flows extra quickly close to the tube's middle line than near its partitions. Experiments present that some stress (corresponding to a stress distinction between the two ends of the tube) is required to sustain the stream. This is because a force is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid that are in relative movement. For a tube with a constant fee of circulation, the power of the compensating force is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.
In general, viscosity depends on a fluid's state, comparable to its temperature, pressure, and fee of deformation. However, the dependence on a few of these properties is negligible in certain circumstances. For instance, the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid doesn't fluctuate considerably with the rate of deformation. Zero viscosity (no resistance to shear stress) is observed only at very low temperatures in superfluids; in any other case, the second regulation of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have constructive viscosity. A fluid that has zero viscosity (non-viscous) known as ideally suited or inviscid. For non-Newtonian fluids' viscosity, outdoor trimming tool there are pseudoplastic, outdoor trimming tool plastic, and dilatant flows which might be time-independent, and there are thixotropic and rheopectic flows that are time-dependent. The phrase "viscosity" is derived from the Latin viscum ("mistletoe"). Viscum also referred to a viscous glue derived from mistletoe berries. In supplies science and engineering, there is usually interest in understanding the forces or stresses involved within the deformation of a material.