Central African Shear Zone
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| − | <br>The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE | + | <br>The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE path from the Gulf of Guinea by means of Cameroon into Sudan. The construction is just not nicely understood. The shear zone dates to no less than 640 Ma (million years ago). Motion occurred along the zone through the break-up of Gondwanaland within the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Some of the faults within the zone had been rejuvenated greater than once before and through the opening of the South Atlantic within the Cretaceous interval. It has been proposed that the Pernambuco fault in Brazil is a continuation of the shear zone to the west. In Cameroon, the CASZ cuts throughout the Adamawa uplift, [https://wiki.dulovic.tech/index.php/THE_HAIR_STYLIST%E2%80%99S_Choice Wood Ranger Power Shears website] a submit-Cretaeous formation. The Benue Trough lies to the north, and the Foumban Shear Zone to the south. Volcanic activity has occurred alongside many of the length of the Cameroon line from 130 Ma to the present, and could also be associated to re-activation of the CASZ.<br><br><br><br>The lithosphere beneath the CASZ on this area is thinned in a relatively slender belt, with the asthenosphere upwelling from a depth of about 190 km to about one hundred twenty km. The Mesozoic and Tertiary movements have produced elongated rift basins in central Cameroon, northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The CASZ was formerly thought to increase eastward only to the Darfur region of western Sudan. It is now interpreted to extend into central and jap Sudan, with a complete size of 4,000 km. Within the Sudan, the shear zone may have acted as a structural barrier to growth of deep Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins in the north of the world. Objections to this concept are that the Bahr el Arab and Blue Nile rifts extend northwest past one proposed line for the shear zone. However, the alignment of the northwestern ends of the rifts in this areas helps the idea. Ibrahim, Ebinger & Fairhead 1996, pp.<br><br><br><br>Dorbath et al. 1986, pp. Schlüter & Trauth 2008, pp. Foulger & Jurdy 2007, pp. Plomerova et al. 1993, pp. Bowen & Jux 1987, pp. Bowen, Robert; Jux, Ulrich (1987). Afro-Arabian geology: a kinematic view. Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Fairhead, J. D.; Stuart, G. W. (1986). "A teleseismic delay time research across the Central African Shear Zone within the Adamawa area of Cameroon, West Africa". Foulger, Gillian R.; Jurdy, Donna M. (2007). Plates, plumes, and planetary processes. Geological Society of America. Ibrahim, A. E.; Ebinger, C. J.; Fairhead, J. D. (20 April 1996). "Lithospheric extension northwest of the Central African Shear Zone in Sudan from potential area studies". Pankhurst, Robert J. (2008). West Gondwana: pre-Cenozoic correlations across the South Atlantic Region. Plomerova, J; Babuska, V; Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Lillie, R. J. (1993). "Deep lithospheric construction across the Central African Shear Zone in Cameroon". Geophysical Journal International. A hundred and fifteen (2): 381-390. Bibcode:1993GeoJI.115..381P. Selley, Richard C. (1997). African basins. Schlüter, Thomas; Trauth, Martin H. (2008). Geological atlas of Africa: with notes on stratigraphy, tectonics, economic geology, geohazards, geosites and geoscientific training of every country. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社.<br><br><br><br>Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's rate-dependent resistance to a change in shape or to motion of its neighboring portions relative to each other. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal idea of thickness; for example, syrup has a better viscosity than water. Viscosity is outlined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area. Thus its SI models are newton-seconds per metre squared, or pascal-seconds. Viscosity quantifies the inner frictional [https://git.dadunode.com/dorrisminter20 Wood Ranger Power Shears website] between adjacent layers of fluid which are in relative motion. For example, when a viscous fluid is compelled by way of a tube, it flows extra rapidly close to the tube's heart line than near its partitions. Experiments present that some stress (resembling a pressure distinction between the 2 ends of the tube) is required to sustain the movement. This is because a [http://repo.fusi24.com:3000/kaibarron6430 Wood Ranger Power Shears for sale] is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid which are in relative movement. For a tube with a relentless rate of circulation, the energy of the compensating force is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.<br><br><br><br>Generally, viscosity will depend on a fluid's state, reminiscent of its temperature, pressure, and rate of deformation. However, the dependence on some of these properties is negligible in certain instances. For example, the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid doesn't range significantly with the rate of deformation. Zero viscosity (no resistance to shear stress) is observed solely at very low temperatures in superfluids; otherwise, the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have positive viscosity. A fluid that has zero viscosity (non-viscous) is named ultimate or inviscid. For non-Newtonian fluids' viscosity, there are pseudoplastic, plastic, and dilatant flows which can be time-independent, and there are thixotropic and rheopectic flows which can be time-dependent. The phrase "viscosity" is derived from the Latin viscum ("mistletoe"). Viscum additionally referred to a viscous glue derived from mistletoe berries. In supplies science and engineering, there is usually curiosity in understanding the forces or stresses involved in the deformation of a fabric.<br> |
Version vom 15. September 2025, 11:42 Uhr
The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE path from the Gulf of Guinea by means of Cameroon into Sudan. The construction is just not nicely understood. The shear zone dates to no less than 640 Ma (million years ago). Motion occurred along the zone through the break-up of Gondwanaland within the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Some of the faults within the zone had been rejuvenated greater than once before and through the opening of the South Atlantic within the Cretaceous interval. It has been proposed that the Pernambuco fault in Brazil is a continuation of the shear zone to the west. In Cameroon, the CASZ cuts throughout the Adamawa uplift, Wood Ranger Power Shears website a submit-Cretaeous formation. The Benue Trough lies to the north, and the Foumban Shear Zone to the south. Volcanic activity has occurred alongside many of the length of the Cameroon line from 130 Ma to the present, and could also be associated to re-activation of the CASZ.
The lithosphere beneath the CASZ on this area is thinned in a relatively slender belt, with the asthenosphere upwelling from a depth of about 190 km to about one hundred twenty km. The Mesozoic and Tertiary movements have produced elongated rift basins in central Cameroon, northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The CASZ was formerly thought to increase eastward only to the Darfur region of western Sudan. It is now interpreted to extend into central and jap Sudan, with a complete size of 4,000 km. Within the Sudan, the shear zone may have acted as a structural barrier to growth of deep Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins in the north of the world. Objections to this concept are that the Bahr el Arab and Blue Nile rifts extend northwest past one proposed line for the shear zone. However, the alignment of the northwestern ends of the rifts in this areas helps the idea. Ibrahim, Ebinger & Fairhead 1996, pp.
Dorbath et al. 1986, pp. Schlüter & Trauth 2008, pp. Foulger & Jurdy 2007, pp. Plomerova et al. 1993, pp. Bowen & Jux 1987, pp. Bowen, Robert; Jux, Ulrich (1987). Afro-Arabian geology: a kinematic view. Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Fairhead, J. D.; Stuart, G. W. (1986). "A teleseismic delay time research across the Central African Shear Zone within the Adamawa area of Cameroon, West Africa". Foulger, Gillian R.; Jurdy, Donna M. (2007). Plates, plumes, and planetary processes. Geological Society of America. Ibrahim, A. E.; Ebinger, C. J.; Fairhead, J. D. (20 April 1996). "Lithospheric extension northwest of the Central African Shear Zone in Sudan from potential area studies". Pankhurst, Robert J. (2008). West Gondwana: pre-Cenozoic correlations across the South Atlantic Region. Plomerova, J; Babuska, V; Dorbath, C.; Dorbath, L.; Lillie, R. J. (1993). "Deep lithospheric construction across the Central African Shear Zone in Cameroon". Geophysical Journal International. A hundred and fifteen (2): 381-390. Bibcode:1993GeoJI.115..381P. Selley, Richard C. (1997). African basins. Schlüter, Thomas; Trauth, Martin H. (2008). Geological atlas of Africa: with notes on stratigraphy, tectonics, economic geology, geohazards, geosites and geoscientific training of every country. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社.
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's rate-dependent resistance to a change in shape or to motion of its neighboring portions relative to each other. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal idea of thickness; for example, syrup has a better viscosity than water. Viscosity is outlined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area. Thus its SI models are newton-seconds per metre squared, or pascal-seconds. Viscosity quantifies the inner frictional Wood Ranger Power Shears website between adjacent layers of fluid which are in relative motion. For example, when a viscous fluid is compelled by way of a tube, it flows extra rapidly close to the tube's heart line than near its partitions. Experiments present that some stress (resembling a pressure distinction between the 2 ends of the tube) is required to sustain the movement. This is because a Wood Ranger Power Shears for sale is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid which are in relative movement. For a tube with a relentless rate of circulation, the energy of the compensating force is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.
Generally, viscosity will depend on a fluid's state, reminiscent of its temperature, pressure, and rate of deformation. However, the dependence on some of these properties is negligible in certain instances. For example, the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid doesn't range significantly with the rate of deformation. Zero viscosity (no resistance to shear stress) is observed solely at very low temperatures in superfluids; otherwise, the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have positive viscosity. A fluid that has zero viscosity (non-viscous) is named ultimate or inviscid. For non-Newtonian fluids' viscosity, there are pseudoplastic, plastic, and dilatant flows which can be time-independent, and there are thixotropic and rheopectic flows which can be time-dependent. The phrase "viscosity" is derived from the Latin viscum ("mistletoe"). Viscum additionally referred to a viscous glue derived from mistletoe berries. In supplies science and engineering, there is usually curiosity in understanding the forces or stresses involved in the deformation of a fabric.