Behavioral Health Chatbots

Aus Vokipedia
(Unterschied zwischen Versionen)
Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche
K
K
Zeile 1: Zeile 1:
From a different perspective, in contrast to traditional interventions, which are typically designed to be completed from start to finish, chatbot interactions often don't follow this linear construction. Customers might terminate interactions as quickly as their instant considerations are addressed, reflecting the distinctive flexibility of chatbots [38]. For occasion, if a chatbot supplies important data for crisis management and the person responds affirmatively, the user is likely to exit the chat after their need is met. This instant decision highlights the effectivity of chatbot interventions in addressing person considerations promptly, even when the interplay seems incomplete.<br>Scientific Purposes Of Ai In Mental Health Care<br>These apps have been in use and underneath research for  e-commerce psicólogos over a decade and thus provide a baseline for comparability in relation to the efficacy of chatbots. This baseline shall be established via the exploration of a meta-analysis regarding the efficacy of smartphone mental well being care applications for treatment of hysteria and despair. Afterwards, we'll explore a second meta-analysis inspecting the efficacy of remedy chatbots in the remedy of anxiety and depression, along with a really recently printed randomized controlled trial (RCT) with noteworthy outcomes. This side-by-side comparison will allow us to look at the similarities and variations of each expertise and their relative efficacies.<br>Why is Woebot shutting down?        <br>But as of this week, Woebot is shutting down operations. The company cited a lack of funding as the final blow, despite the global mental health crisis and an ever-growing need for affordable solutions.<br>  <br>Knowledge extraction was performed by two researchers (GB and JH) and checked for accuracy by all of the researchers. The studies retrieved from the literature search were reviewed by three researchers using the next inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodology assessment based mostly on the Nationwide Institutes of Health’s high quality assessment tool for  [http://www.vokipedia.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:PauloEnricoSfx e-commerce psicólogos] managed intervention research. You can also customize your Earkick Panda's persona and dialog type to match your preferences.<br>Reducing Diagnostic Errors With Retrieval-augmented Era (rag) In Clinical Decision Help<br><br>By using psychological AI chatbots, individuals can access mental healthcare services from the comfort of their own homes by way of their cellphones (4), without the necessity to schedule an appointment or travel to a clinic. This could be particularly beneficial in contexts where mental health services are lacking, for individuals who live in distant areas, or for many who have difficulty accessing traditional psychological healthcare services due to monetary or logistical reasons (7). Moreover, psychological AI chatbots can present support and steering on a 24/7 basis, permitting individuals to entry help each time and on the frequency they want it (10). Total, the utilization of psychological AI chatbots have the potential to greatly enhance access to psychological healthcare companies, making them extra extensively out there and easier to access for people around the world (3).<br>Latest developments in generative AI technologies, corresponding to massive language models (LLMs), current new possibilities25. In Distinction To rule-based AI chatbots, generative AI chatbots like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Google’s Gemini, and Inflection’s Pi are trained on vast quantities of data26, enabling them to know and generate language with outstanding proficiency27. Moreover, consumer engagement has been impressive, with ChatGPT’s person base growing to one hundred million weekly lively customers inside a 12 months of launch34 and an estimated half of the US population having used generative AI35,36. The outcome of this review must be interpreted with caution due to the reasonable to high risk of inner validity within the selected studies.<br>Read Additionally: 90% Of Healthcare Executives See Optimistic Roi From Genai Investments<br>This may keep away from the danger of a TM from occurring where customers will not be conscious of the chatbots limitations in providing efficient therapeutic care (61). Additionally, how consumer data shall be gathered, utilized, and guarded (62) should also be disclosed, offered periodically, and made out there whenever requested by the person, just like Woebot and Wysa (2). Specific emphasis should also be made about how the knowledge shared with a chatbot is not under the same guidelines and regulations that apply to patient-provider confidentiality. The scoping evaluation by Ahmed et al. (2023) also examined the features of chatbots, this time used for anxiousness and depression specifically. The majority of the studies reported on chatbots carried out as standalone software (55%), adopted by web-based (19%), the remainder were either both standalone and web-based or not reported.<br>While these features could solely benefit a subset of customers, their impact on preventing escalation to extreme psychological well being conditions or emergencies is invaluable.Chatbots will be at the forefront of this modification driving this transformation, offering innovative solutions, and reshaping the finest way mental health support is accessed and delivered.According to recent studies, greater than 50% of health professionals worldwide experience signs of burnout, such as fatigue, cynicism, and decreased effectiveness, resulting in low job satisfaction [2], high turnover [3], and low-quality affected person care [4].Not Like conventional therapy, which frequently requires appointments, chatbots can engage users at any time, making psychological health support more accessible to everybody, particularly those in distant or underserved areas.DigiQuit [23] collected suggestions on the message content and timing, Tess [6] collected knowledge on the usefulness of the message, and Vik [26] collected data on the relevance of the reminders.Many participants reported excessive frequency of use and most reported excessive levels of satisfaction.<br>Data Availability<br>This submit explores the alternatives and challenges of using AI chatbots for psychological health. AI chatbots in healthcare are transforming behavioral health by offering new ways to have interaction patients, deliver therapeutic interventions, and automate administrative processes. Nonetheless, the added complexity in invoicing and compliance that these advances convey cannot be overlooked. BillingParadise, with its 15 years of experience, 500 callers, and HIPAA certification, is well-positioned to assist AI in behavioral health practices in navigating this new world.<br><br>All these apps, besides Elomia, can be found on the two hottest platforms (Apple App Store and Google Play Store). All these apps are extraordinarily well-liked by method of both the number of downloads and the variety of scores. Thus, we will assume that a complete overview of those apps can assist in understanding the views of a wide and diverse consumer base. A total of 3621 evaluations from the Google Play Retailer and 2624 evaluations from the Apple App Retailer met all of the inclusion criteria.<br><br>For example, a research discovered that users have been in a place to establish therapeutic bonds with Woebot as they felt that the chatbot was "a actual individual that confirmed concern" (47). This might have been because of the reality that Woebot responded to users with empathetic statements and positive reinforcements such as "I’m really proud of you", regardless of reminding customers that it is not a real particular person (47). This can give users a false sense of hope that these chatbots are a "safe haven" that may understand, take care of and care for them, in addition to be attuned to their feelings (27). In an interview with Time Magazine, ChatGPT expressed its perspective on chatbots. When asked about its "thoughts" on chatbots,  [http://classicalmusicmp3freedownload.com/ja/index.php?title=Criptografia_Dados_Cl%C3%ADnicos_Protege_Prontu%C3%A1rios_E_Atende_LGPD_J%C3%A1 e-commerce psicólogos] it acknowledged that individuals typically understand them as "human-like," resulting in "unrealistic expectations or misunderstandings about [a chatbot's] capabilities" (48). Nevertheless, as previously mentioned, chatbots can't present the identical therapeutic advantages brought by therapists. They not only bereft the practical expert medical information that is accrued over time through experience (11), but in addition they cannot decide up delicate nuances in feelings and non-verbal cues which are integral in creating clinical empathy (12).<br>Are Giant Language Models (llms) The Future Of Ai?<br>Plus, they have great customer service and are constantly bettering this app. Love the combination with Apple Watch - I get notifications and I see that it tracks more well being information once I use the app (those respiration workouts are AWESOME!!!). Marlee delivers user-friendly customized on-line teaching packages based in your private motivations and objectives. You don't get the advantage of having the power to read the other particular person's body language (and the chatbot can't learn yours). Maybe a bot will have the ability to scan your body language by way of your webcam - a cool concept for some folks, but an intrusive one for others. Despite limitations, advances in AI supply social science researchers the power to simulate human subjects. "If we now have a [therapeutic] relationship with AI systems, it’s not clear to me that we’re transferring toward the same finish objective of mending human relationships," Moore said.<br>As noted above, people with mental well being considerations often find it more snug to speak in confidence to a chatbot than in people, largely as a result of concern of being misunderstood or judged. This phenomenon creates vital opportunities for mental well being chatbots to turn out to be a mainstream answer in this field. AI chatbots present immediate responses, significantly driving consumer engagement in your healthcare web site. This 24/7 availability ensures customers at all times have a reliable source of information, bolstering belief and encouraging interplay. One of the defining options of healthcare chatbots is their excessive degree of customizability. They may be specifically programmed to mirror the wants of your website and its users. This customization is probably certainly one of the highly effective features of conversational AI, permitting you to supply a tailored experience in your users, increasing their satisfaction and engagement ranges.<br>How is AI used in behavioral health?        <br><br>
+
Global collaboration primarily focuses on the Americas, Europe, and Asia, with restricted engagement from creating countries and even fewer contributions from underdeveloped regions. Consequently, it is essential to boost collaboration on this area, incorporating each worldwide and interdisciplinary partnerships to foster larger diversity of perspectives and experience. However, the Asia Pacific area is projected to develop at the fastest fee in the upcoming years. The region is witnessing fast urbanization, changing life, and increasing consciousness of psychological well being.<br>Examples Of Successful Mental Well Being Chatbots<br>AI-enabled tools can ease the administrative burden on clinicians, allowing them to spend more time seeing patients, and lowering burnout within the current workforce. Furthermore, AI chatbots have the potential to deliver scalable psychological health support. Now is the time to adopt technology and get inventive in how we strategy the mental well being workforce shortage. AI chatbots aren't a alternative for human therapists, but they can present some assist.<br>Future analysis ought to prioritize the combination and analysis of those options to reinforce the security and efficacy of chatbot interventions. Fine-tuned GenAI chatbots offer a feasible method to delivering customized mental well being interventions at scale, but additional analysis with larger scientific samples is required to verify their effectiveness and generalizability, the examine notes. This evaluate discovered that AI chatbots have been efficacious in promoting wholesome lifestyles, together with bodily train and  [https://guyajeunejob.com/read-blog/50002_plataforma-completa-psicologos-otimize-consultas-e-cumpra-lgpd.html Laudos PsicolóGicos PrecificaçăO] food regimen (6/15, 40%), smoking cessation (4/15, 27%), therapy or medication adherence (2/15, 13%), and reduction in substance misuse (1/15, 7%). Out of the 15 studies, 7 (47%) reported acceptability and engagement of AI chatbots in phrases of (1) satisfaction and (2) provision of a nonjudgmental safe space.<br>How is AI used in behavioral health?        <br><br>  <br>Healthcare Chatbots Market Measurement To Hit Usd 1026 Billion By 2034<br>Future studies ought to form the development of widespread operational definitions for each of these outcomes to allow comparison and standardized reporting. Moreover, future AI-chatbot–based intervention research should observe the National Institutes of Health’s high quality evaluation criteria for managed intervention research [19] to evaluate their studies’ inner validity. Of them, three studies (75%) focused healthy life, and 25% (1/4) targeted reduction in  substance misuse. The intervention that focused reduction in substance misuse, Woebot [31], supplied empathic responses by tailoring to customers acknowledged temper. On the basis of the habits change theories, the AI chatbots had a number of functionalities that contributed to efficacious outcomes. These chatbots targeted healthy existence (7/8, 88%; HLCC, Paola [22], SFA [24], NAO [5], HCAI [28], Ida [32], and Chat1 [33]) and the discount of substance misuse (1/8, 12%; Woebot [31]).<br>Extra Employers Offering Wellness, Psychological Health Chatbots<br>All authors performed a quantity of rounds of manuscript evaluation and frequently met to trade suggestions and make adjustments. The advantages of rule-based AI chatbots summarise the literature talked about within the introduction, all other comparisons are perceptions taken from participant interviews. Many members turned to chatbots as a outcome of remedy was not an choice, either as a outcome of price and availability, or as a outcome of therapy didn't give them the assistance they had been looking for. AI chatbots make use of encryption strategies to protect consumer information each during transmission and whereas stored.<br>In addition, customers should have regular reminders in regards to the restrictions these chatbots have in the type of care they'll present and emphasize the necessity of in-person therapy for better therapeutic outcomes.As chatbots turn out to be more sophisticated, and extra harms are realized in the context of mental health, different states are positive to observe Utah’s lead.Wysa membership also supplies access to a library of academic self-care materials.In addition, receiving constructive, emotional help can positively affect patients’ mental well being.Descriptive statistics have been used to characterize the study population, with steady variables reported as imply ± standard deviation and categorical variables reported as counts with proportions.Chatbots can be skilled to comply with evidence-based methodologies and be measured towards more significant measures of high quality.<br>Sri Lanka Forges New Path In Digital Mental Health With Prime Minister’s Visionary Management<br>Additionally,  laudos psicológicos precificaçăo the short duration of many interventions and limited follow-up durations make it tough to gauge the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of AI chatbots. Future research should handle these limitations by conducting more rigorous trials, standardizing the end result measures, and exploring the long-term purposes of AI chatbots across numerous populations and settings. Some research in our evaluate demonstrated the potential of AI chatbots to behave as first-line responders in identifying and managing psychological well being crises. Prior analysis has additionally proven the potential benefits of AI chatbots not solely in improving psychological and emotional well-being but also in selling behavioral adjustments [43]. While these features could only profit a subset of customers, their impression on preventing escalation to severe psychological well being circumstances or emergencies is invaluable.<br>This presents a vital concern as individuals could depend on these non-validated aids,  [http://www.vokipedia.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:PauloJooVitordaC Laudos PsicolóGicos PrecificaçăO] probably leading to suboptimal or even detrimental outcomes. Moreover, using AI chatbots in psychiatry raises essential ethical and practical considerations, corresponding to privateness concerns, the risk of misdiagnosis or inadequate remedy, and the need for human oversight and intervention. Nonetheless, one can not assume that a chatbot can precisely conduct psychotherapy as it requires an immense quantity of ability, effort, training, and expertise. Even a talented face-to-face therapist may face misunderstandings in therapy relying on which therapeutic method they have been skilled in.<br>Swot Evaluation Of Chatbots For Mental Well Being And Remedy Market<br>One of the most important restraints in the chatbots for the mental well being and therapy market is the restrictions of know-how in fully understanding complicated human feelings and experiences. Whereas chatbots have advanced of their conversational skills and pure language processing, they still face challenges in comprehending the intricate nuances of mental health points. Psychological health issues typically involve multifaceted signs, underlying causes, and individual variations. Human therapists deliver a level of empathy, intuition, and scientific judgment that may be difficult for chatbots to copy. Chatbots might struggle to recognize subtle cues, precisely interpret ambiguous statements, and provide applicable interventions for complicated mental well being circumstances.<br>Ought To Clinicians Use Mental Well Being Apps And Remedy Chatbots?<br><br>Consumer critiques can illustrate examples of person satisfaction and dissatisfaction with app features. Evaluations are therefore acknowledged as an necessary source of knowledge to gain insights into the real-life use of mobile apps [20]. Following the work of Haque et al [23] on analyzing consumer critiques of cell MH apps, we used the 2 following inclusion standards for filtering to extract latest and crucial consumer suggestions for the apps. Our examine is impressed by the body of work that considers user-generated reviews as an important supply for understanding varied perspectives and derives significant implications from them [62,63]. This permits us to realize views from folks with various demographic characteristics that would otherwise be difficult to gather utilizing conventional knowledge assortment strategies [62,67]. Automated chatbots can present personalized suggestions to users as they full every session.<br>Headspace and Calm are two of probably the most well-known meditation and mindfulness apps, providing guided meditations, bedtime stories and calming soundscapes to assist users chill out and sleep higher. Talkspace and BetterHelp go a step additional, offering actual licensed therapists through chat, video or voice. The apps Happify and Moodfit purpose to spice up mood and problem negative thinking with game-based workouts. But the U.S. psychological health app market has been booming for the past few years, from apps with free instruments that textual content you back to premium variations with an added function that gives prompts for breathing exercises.<br>Minddoc — Greatest For Self-care &amp; Emotional Monitoring<br>Desk&nbsp;4 presents a ranking of the highest 10 most influential establishments inside this analysis field, with the Nationwide Center  for  [https://wetalk-app.net/read-blog/13271_dado-psicologo-sistema-otimize-registros-clinicos-e-lgpd.html laudos psicológicos precificaçăo] Scientific Research emerging as the main establishment, adopted by Imperial Faculty London and the College of Zurich. Descriptive statistics of analysis on utilization of chatbots in mental health from 2015 to 2024. Bibliometric analysis is carried out using the open-source bibliometrix package deal in R (28), a strong tool that facilitates knowledge evaluation and visualization. The biblioshiny application, an integral part of the bibliometrix package, enables users to import, clean, and organize bibliographic information, as well as perform a spread of bibliometric analyses. By Way Of its web-based interface, biblioshiny permits customers to conduct analyses at three distinct ranges, specifically source-level, author-level, and document-level assessments.<br>Why is Woebot shutting down?        <br>But as of this week, Woebot is shutting down operations. The company cited a lack of funding as the final blow, despite the global mental health crisis and an ever-growing need for affordable solutions.<br>

Version vom 29. August 2025, 14:35 Uhr

Global collaboration primarily focuses on the Americas, Europe, and Asia, with restricted engagement from creating countries and even fewer contributions from underdeveloped regions. Consequently, it is essential to boost collaboration on this area, incorporating each worldwide and interdisciplinary partnerships to foster larger diversity of perspectives and experience. However, the Asia Pacific area is projected to develop at the fastest fee in the upcoming years. The region is witnessing fast urbanization, changing life, and increasing consciousness of psychological well being.
Examples Of Successful Mental Well Being Chatbots
AI-enabled tools can ease the administrative burden on clinicians, allowing them to spend more time seeing patients, and lowering burnout within the current workforce. Furthermore, AI chatbots have the potential to deliver scalable psychological health support. Now is the time to adopt technology and get inventive in how we strategy the mental well being workforce shortage. AI chatbots aren't a alternative for human therapists, but they can present some assist.
Future analysis ought to prioritize the combination and analysis of those options to reinforce the security and efficacy of chatbot interventions. Fine-tuned GenAI chatbots offer a feasible method to delivering customized mental well being interventions at scale, but additional analysis with larger scientific samples is required to verify their effectiveness and generalizability, the examine notes. This evaluate discovered that AI chatbots have been efficacious in promoting wholesome lifestyles, together with bodily train and Laudos PsicolóGicos PrecificaçăO food regimen (6/15, 40%), smoking cessation (4/15, 27%), therapy or medication adherence (2/15, 13%), and reduction in substance misuse (1/15, 7%). Out of the 15 studies, 7 (47%) reported acceptability and engagement of AI chatbots in phrases of (1) satisfaction and (2) provision of a nonjudgmental safe space.
How is AI used in behavioral health?


Healthcare Chatbots Market Measurement To Hit Usd 1026 Billion By 2034
Future studies ought to form the development of widespread operational definitions for each of these outcomes to allow comparison and standardized reporting. Moreover, future AI-chatbot–based intervention research should observe the National Institutes of Health’s high quality evaluation criteria for managed intervention research [19] to evaluate their studies’ inner validity. Of them, three studies (75%) focused healthy life, and 25% (1/4) targeted reduction in substance misuse. The intervention that focused reduction in substance misuse, Woebot [31], supplied empathic responses by tailoring to customers acknowledged temper. On the basis of the habits change theories, the AI chatbots had a number of functionalities that contributed to efficacious outcomes. These chatbots targeted healthy existence (7/8, 88%; HLCC, Paola [22], SFA [24], NAO [5], HCAI [28], Ida [32], and Chat1 [33]) and the discount of substance misuse (1/8, 12%; Woebot [31]).
Extra Employers Offering Wellness, Psychological Health Chatbots
All authors performed a quantity of rounds of manuscript evaluation and frequently met to trade suggestions and make adjustments. The advantages of rule-based AI chatbots summarise the literature talked about within the introduction, all other comparisons are perceptions taken from participant interviews. Many members turned to chatbots as a outcome of remedy was not an choice, either as a outcome of price and availability, or as a outcome of therapy didn't give them the assistance they had been looking for. AI chatbots make use of encryption strategies to protect consumer information each during transmission and whereas stored.
In addition, customers should have regular reminders in regards to the restrictions these chatbots have in the type of care they'll present and emphasize the necessity of in-person therapy for better therapeutic outcomes.As chatbots turn out to be more sophisticated, and extra harms are realized in the context of mental health, different states are positive to observe Utah’s lead.Wysa membership also supplies access to a library of academic self-care materials.In addition, receiving constructive, emotional help can positively affect patients’ mental well being.Descriptive statistics have been used to characterize the study population, with steady variables reported as imply ± standard deviation and categorical variables reported as counts with proportions.Chatbots can be skilled to comply with evidence-based methodologies and be measured towards more significant measures of high quality.
Sri Lanka Forges New Path In Digital Mental Health With Prime Minister’s Visionary Management
Additionally, laudos psicológicos precificaçăo the short duration of many interventions and limited follow-up durations make it tough to gauge the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of AI chatbots. Future research should handle these limitations by conducting more rigorous trials, standardizing the end result measures, and exploring the long-term purposes of AI chatbots across numerous populations and settings. Some research in our evaluate demonstrated the potential of AI chatbots to behave as first-line responders in identifying and managing psychological well being crises. Prior analysis has additionally proven the potential benefits of AI chatbots not solely in improving psychological and emotional well-being but also in selling behavioral adjustments [43]. While these features could only profit a subset of customers, their impression on preventing escalation to severe psychological well being circumstances or emergencies is invaluable.
This presents a vital concern as individuals could depend on these non-validated aids, Laudos PsicolóGicos PrecificaçăO probably leading to suboptimal or even detrimental outcomes. Moreover, using AI chatbots in psychiatry raises essential ethical and practical considerations, corresponding to privateness concerns, the risk of misdiagnosis or inadequate remedy, and the need for human oversight and intervention. Nonetheless, one can not assume that a chatbot can precisely conduct psychotherapy as it requires an immense quantity of ability, effort, training, and expertise. Even a talented face-to-face therapist may face misunderstandings in therapy relying on which therapeutic method they have been skilled in.
Swot Evaluation Of Chatbots For Mental Well Being And Remedy Market
One of the most important restraints in the chatbots for the mental well being and therapy market is the restrictions of know-how in fully understanding complicated human feelings and experiences. Whereas chatbots have advanced of their conversational skills and pure language processing, they still face challenges in comprehending the intricate nuances of mental health points. Psychological health issues typically involve multifaceted signs, underlying causes, and individual variations. Human therapists deliver a level of empathy, intuition, and scientific judgment that may be difficult for chatbots to copy. Chatbots might struggle to recognize subtle cues, precisely interpret ambiguous statements, and provide applicable interventions for complicated mental well being circumstances.
Ought To Clinicians Use Mental Well Being Apps And Remedy Chatbots?

Consumer critiques can illustrate examples of person satisfaction and dissatisfaction with app features. Evaluations are therefore acknowledged as an necessary source of knowledge to gain insights into the real-life use of mobile apps [20]. Following the work of Haque et al [23] on analyzing consumer critiques of cell MH apps, we used the 2 following inclusion standards for filtering to extract latest and crucial consumer suggestions for the apps. Our examine is impressed by the body of work that considers user-generated reviews as an important supply for understanding varied perspectives and derives significant implications from them [62,63]. This permits us to realize views from folks with various demographic characteristics that would otherwise be difficult to gather utilizing conventional knowledge assortment strategies [62,67]. Automated chatbots can present personalized suggestions to users as they full every session.
Headspace and Calm are two of probably the most well-known meditation and mindfulness apps, providing guided meditations, bedtime stories and calming soundscapes to assist users chill out and sleep higher. Talkspace and BetterHelp go a step additional, offering actual licensed therapists through chat, video or voice. The apps Happify and Moodfit purpose to spice up mood and problem negative thinking with game-based workouts. But the U.S. psychological health app market has been booming for the past few years, from apps with free instruments that textual content you back to premium variations with an added function that gives prompts for breathing exercises.
Minddoc — Greatest For Self-care & Emotional Monitoring
Desk 4 presents a ranking of the highest 10 most influential establishments inside this analysis field, with the Nationwide Center for laudos psicológicos precificaçăo Scientific Research emerging as the main establishment, adopted by Imperial Faculty London and the College of Zurich. Descriptive statistics of analysis on utilization of chatbots in mental health from 2015 to 2024. Bibliometric analysis is carried out using the open-source bibliometrix package deal in R (28), a strong tool that facilitates knowledge evaluation and visualization. The biblioshiny application, an integral part of the bibliometrix package, enables users to import, clean, and organize bibliographic information, as well as perform a spread of bibliometric analyses. By Way Of its web-based interface, biblioshiny permits customers to conduct analyses at three distinct ranges, specifically source-level, author-level, and document-level assessments.
Why is Woebot shutting down?
But as of this week, Woebot is shutting down operations. The company cited a lack of funding as the final blow, despite the global mental health crisis and an ever-growing need for affordable solutions.

Meine Werkzeuge
Namensräume

Varianten
Aktionen
Navigation
Werkzeuge